Atkins diet and products
The recalls occurred on 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day per time point, on nonconsecutive days whenever possible. Clinic and laboratory staff members were blinded to treatment assignment. 12 -. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Each group received specific target goals according to the emphasis of the assigned diet. All data were collected at baseline, 2, 6, and 12 months. 31, 32 The primary analysis was conducted applying intention-to-treat methods with baseline values carried forward for missing values. Local foods not found in the comprehensive database were added to the database manually. 8, 9 However, limited evidence has been available to effectively evaluate other diets. There were no substantive differences in any of these findings compared with the analyses with baseline values carried forward and, therefore, only the primary analyses are presented. Height was measured to the nearest millimeter using a standard wall-mounted stadiometer. 35 (Nutrition Coordinating Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis). The primary objective was to test whether any of the 4 diets, representing a spectrum of carbohydrate intake, was more effective than any other in 12-month weight loss. The primary emphasis for the Ornish group was no more than 10% of energy from fat. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. Data collectors were trained and certified by the Nutrition Coordinating Center. At the 2- and 6-month intermediate time points, the weight change for the Atkins group was significantly greater than for all other groups ( P P. 33, 4. For statistically significant ANOVAs, all pairwise comparisons among the 4 diets were tested using the Tukey studentized range adjustment. 10, 11. The Ornish and Zone books suggest some stimulus-control strategies but on the whole do not emphasize behavior modification, whereas both the Atkins and LEARN books suggest multiple strategies, such as relapse preparation and planning strategies and goal setting. Additional recommendations given for physical activity, nutritional supplements, and behavioral strategies were consistent with those presented in each diet book. 3-kg SD of weight change. The primary study objective was to examine the effects of diets and gradations of carbohydrate intake on weight loss and related metabolic variables in overweight and obese premenopausal women. Weight Change Relative to Baseline View Large Download Baseline values were carried forward for any missing values. Each diet group attended 1-hour classes led by a registered dietitian once per week for 8 weeks and covered approximately one eighth of their respective books per class. Statistical testing of changes from baseline to 2 months and to 6 months using pairwise comparisons are presented for descriptive purposes. For exploratory purposes, ancillary analyses were conducted to determine the effect of diet group assignment on secondary outcomes at 12 months after adjusting for changes in weight loss using linear regression. Outcomes were assessed at months 0, 2, 6, and 12. Blood samples were collected after a 10-hour or longer fast. While questions remain about long-term effects and mechanisms, a low-carbohydrate, high-protein, high-fat diet may be considered a feasible alternative recommendation for weight loss. In this study, premenopausal overweight and obese women assigned to follow the Atkins diet, which had the lowest carbohydrate intake, lost more weight and experienced more favorable overall metabolic effects at 12 months than women assigned to follow the Zone, Ornish, or LEARN diets. Thus, with 4 treatment groups and a projected 75 participants per group, the study was designed to have 80% power to detect a 2. Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Total energy expenditure was slightly higher for the Ornish group vs the other 3 groups at baseline but was not significantly different among groups at any subsequent time point ( Table 1 ). This same pattern was observed for fiber intake. However, relative to baseline, there was a significant mean decrease in reported energy intake at all postrandomization time points ( P. 06. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance: the Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diets: a systematic review. All statistical tests were 2-tailed using a significance level of. A range of behavior modification techniques were discussed during the 2-month classes. Relative to baseline, there was a modest and significant mean increase ( P. 7 kg (6 lb, approximately 3% for a 180-lb individual). Randomization was conducted in blocks of 24 (6 per treatment group) and occurred by having a blinded research technician select folded pieces of paper with group assignments from an opaque envelope. 05. The Tukey studentized range test was used to adjust for multiple testing. 05. 0. Consult your physician or health care provider before beginning the Atkins Diet as you would any other weight loss or weight maintenance program.
8, 9, 18, 19 The guidelines for the Zone and LEARN diets incorporated specific goals for energy restriction, while for the Atkins and Ornish diets, there were no specific energy restriction goals. National dietary weight loss guidelines (ie, energy-restricted, low in fat, high in carbohydrate) 7 have been challenged, particularly by proponents of low-carbohydrate diets. Several recent trials compared low-carbohydrate vs traditional low-fat, high-carbohydrate weight-loss diets. Author Affiliations: Stanford Prevention Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, Calif. Overall, the LEARN manual has the greatest emphasis on behavior modification strategies. Popular diets, particularly those low in carbohydrates, have challenged current recommendations advising a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet for weight loss. Dietary intake data were collected by telephone-administered, 3-day, unannounced, 24-hour dietary recalls using Nutrition Data System for Research software, versions 4. A Delicious Way to Maintain the Atkins Lifestyle All Through the Day. Participant enrollment began in February 2003, and the study ended in October 2005. Long-term weight loss and changes in blood pressure: results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. At subsequent time points the diets were statistically different in carbohydrate content, progressing from low to high across the Atkins, Zone, LEARN, and Ornish groups. 1 kg on a calibrated clinical scale. Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, Kim S, Stafford RS, Balise RR, Kraemer HC, King AC. Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Between-group differences in dietary intake at each time point were tested by analysis of variance (ANOVA). A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite c ompensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations. Should you have any health care-related questions, please call or see your physician or other health care provider. 34, and 5. Between-group differences in patterns of nutrient intake were largest at 2 months. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial. There were no significant group differences at baseline in percentage of energy from carbohydrate, fat, or protein or in grams of saturated fat or fiber, except for a borderline significant difference in percentage of energy from fat between Atkins and LEARN ( P. To compare 4 weight-loss diets representing a spectrum of low to high carbohydrate intake for effects on weight loss and related metabolic variables. Participant Flow Through the Trial View Large Download Figure 2. Connect with and support other Atkins dieters like yourself through live chat, forums, groups, and more. Attendance was not different by diet group ( P. 20. Overview of the Activity Counseling Trial (ACT) intervention for promoting physical activity in primary health care settings. Weight loss was greater for women in the Atkins diet group compared with the other diet groups at 12 months, and mean 12-month weight loss was significantly different between the Atkins and Zone diets ( P Conclusions. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults—the Evidence Report: National Institutes of Health. At 12 months, the patterns of nutrient differences between groups were still present, but the magnitude of differences was diminished. Participants were enrolled in 4 cohorts, with the first cohort starting in February 2003 and the last cohort starting in September 2004. The study was approved annually by the Stanford University Human Subjects Committee. Changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in overweight men during weight loss through dieting as compared with exercise. The reverse pattern, higher to lower intakes, was statistically significant for protein, fat, and saturated fat at all time points. The selected minimal clinically significant between-group difference in weight change was 2. Based on previous trials, we projected a 6. Launch Low Carb Meal Solution for Health-Conscious Consumers. Body weight was measured to the nearest 0. Participants were recruited from the local community, primarily through media advertisements. Energy expenditure was assessed using the well-established Stanford 7-day physical activity recall. Disclaimer: Nothing contained on this Site is intended to provide health care advice. Potential benefits and risks have not been tested adequately. The LEARN program is intended to be a 16-week program and, therefore, the 8 weeks of guidance through this book reflected an accelerated time frame, which was necessary to match the time frame given for the other 3 diet groups. Weight loss at 12 months was the primary outcome. Also for exploratory purposes, all analyses of weight and secondary outcome measures were tested using only available data, without using baseline values carried forward for missing data or other imputation methods. Premenopausal women aged 25 to 50 years were invited to enroll if their body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) was 27 to 40, body weight was stable over the previous 2 months, and medications were stable for at least 3 months. Differences among diets for 12-month changes from baseline were tested by ANOVA. The ongoing obesity epidemic, 1 along with its health costs and consequences 2 and the health benefits of weight loss, 3 -. Physical activity assessment methodology in the Five-City Project. At all time points, the statistically significant findings for HDL-C and triglycerides concentrations favored the Atkins group ( Table 3 ). Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN Diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors Among Overweight Premenopausal Women The A TO Z Weight Loss Study: A Randomized Trial. The LEARN group was instructed to follow a prudent diet that included 55% to 60% energy from carbohydrate and less than 10% energy from saturated fat, caloric restriction, increased exercise, and behavior modification strategies. 7-kg difference for 12-month weight change between groups.
